Classical Dances of India: Eight Forms Explained for UPSC SSC

Defining Classical Dance

Classical dances in India are rooted in ancient traditions and scriptures. The term 'classical' implies adherence to specific rules and aesthetics. These rules are often derived from texts like the 'Natya Shastra' by Bharata Muni. The 'Natya Shastra' is an ancient Sanskrit treatise on the performing arts, encompassing theatre, dance, and music. It provides a detailed framework for classical Indian dance, including mudras (hand gestures), abhinaya (expression), and tala (rhythm).

Various bodies in India recognize classical dance forms. The Sangeet Natak Akademi, India's national academy for music, dance, and drama, is the primary institution. It currently recognizes eight classical dance forms. These forms are distinct in their origin, costumes, music, and thematic content, yet share common philosophical underpinnings and artistic principles. They often depict mythological stories, spiritual ideas, and devotional themes, serving as a bridge between the divine and the human.

Bharatanatyam and Kathak

Bharatanatyam originates from Tamil Nadu, specifically from the temples of South India. It is one of the oldest classical dance forms, traditionally performed by 'devadasis' in temples. Its name is often interpreted as 'Bhava (expression) + Raga (melody) + Tala (rhythm) + Natyam (dance)'. The dance is characterized by its geometric lines, strong footwork, and intricate hand gestures. Key elements include 'adavus' (basic steps) and 'mudras'. Famous exponents include Rukmini Devi Arundale and Padma Subrahmanyam.

Kathak, meaning 'storyteller', hails from North India, particularly Uttar Pradesh. It evolved from temple performances to court entertainment during the Mughal era. This influence is visible in its costumes and themes. Kathak is known for its intricate footwork ('tatkar'), fast spins ('chakkar'), and expressive storytelling through 'abhinaya'. There are three main gharanas (schools) of Kathak: Jaipur, Lucknow, and Benares. Birju Maharaj was a renowned Kathak maestro.

Kathakali and Kuchipudi

Kathakali, from Kerala, is a highly stylized dance-drama. It is known for its elaborate make-up, vibrant costumes, and detailed facial expressions ('navarasas'). The dancers do not speak; instead, they use mudras and facial expressions to convey the narrative. Kathakali themes are primarily drawn from Hindu epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata. The training for Kathakali is rigorous and long, often starting at a young age. The accompanying music is called 'sopana sangeetham'.

Kuchipudi originates from the village of Kuchipudi in Andhra Pradesh. Traditionally, it was performed by male Brahmin dancers, but now women also perform it. It combines 'nritta' (pure dance), 'nritya' (expressive dance), and 'natya' (drama). A unique feature is the 'Tarangam', where the dancer performs on a brass plate with a pot of water on their head. Kuchipudi often features lively, quick movements and dramatic expressions. Guru Vempati Chinna Satyam was instrumental in its revival and popularization.

Odissi and Manipuri

Odissi, from Odisha, is one of the oldest surviving dance forms of India, with archaeological evidence dating back to the 2nd century BCE. It is characterized by its 'tribhanga' (triple bend) posture, where the body is bent at the head, torso, and knee, creating a graceful 'S' shape. Odissi is deeply devotional, often depicting stories of Lord Jagannath and Krishna. The 'Maharis' (temple dancers) and 'Gotipuas' (young boys dressed as girls) were traditional practitioners. Guru Kelucharan Mohapatra was a pivotal figure in its modern revival.

Manipuri, from Manipur in Northeast India, is distinct for its gentle, fluid movements and emphasis on devotion. It is primarily associated with the Vaishnavite tradition, particularly the 'Ras Leela' depicting the love story of Radha and Krishna. The dancers wear elaborate costumes, including the 'Kumil' (a cylindrical skirt). Unlike other forms, Manipuri uses soft, undulating body movements and avoids sharp jerks or heavy footwork. The accompanying music often includes 'Pung' (a drum) and 'Kartal' (cymbals).

Mohiniyattam and Sattriya

Mohiniyattam, meaning 'dance of the enchantress', is another classical dance form from Kerala. It is a solo dance performed by women, characterized by its graceful, swaying body movements and subtle expressions. The costume is typically a white or off-white saree with gold borders. Mohiniyattam draws its themes from Hindu mythology and literature. It is known for its 'lasya' (feminine, graceful) aspect. Kalamandalam Kalyanikutty Amma is considered the 'Mother of Mohiniyattam' for her contributions to its revival and systematization.

Sattriya, from Assam, is the newest addition to the list of classical dances, recognized by the Sangeet Natak Akademi in 2000. It originated in the 'Sattras' (Vaishnavite monasteries) established by the 15th-century saint Srimanta Sankardev. Sattriya was initially performed by male monks ('bhokots') as a part of their daily rituals and for religious festivals. It combines elements of 'nritta' and 'nritya', with themes often based on the life of Krishna. The dance is accompanied by 'Borgeet' (devotional songs) and 'Khol' (drum).

Important Keywords Explained

Natya Shastraconcept

An ancient Sanskrit treatise on the performing arts, attributed to Bharata Muni. It is a foundational text for Indian classical dance, music, and theatre, providing detailed guidelines on aesthetics, techniques, and performance aspects like mudras, abhinaya, and rasa. It is crucial for understanding the theoretical basis of classical Indian performing arts.

Sangeet Natak Akademiorganization

India's national academy for music, dance, and drama. Established in 1953 by the Government of India, it is an autonomous body under the Ministry of Culture. Its primary role is to preserve and promote the performing arts of India. It confers awards, organizes festivals, and recognizes classical dance forms, currently listing eight. It plays a significant role in cultural policy and development.

Mudrasconcept

Symbolic hand gestures used in Indian classical dance and iconography. Each mudra has a specific meaning and is used to convey emotions, ideas, or represent objects and characters in a narrative. They are an integral part of 'abhinaya' (expression) and are codified in texts like the Natya Shastra, forming a rich vocabulary for dancers.

Additional Facts & Context

• Bharatanatyam is often called the 'fire dance' due to its energetic movements.
• Kathakali performers undergo extensive training, sometimes for 8-10 years.
• Odissi's 'tribhanga' posture is inspired by temple sculptures.
• Manipuri dance often features the 'Pung Cholom', a vigorous drum dance.
• Mohiniyattam's costume is typically white or off-white with gold borders.