Classical Dances of India: Eight Forms Explained for UPSC SSC

Defining Classical Dance

Classical dances in India are rooted in ancient traditions and scriptures. The term 'classical' implies adherence to specific rules and aesthetics. These rules are often derived from texts like the 'Natya Shastra' by Bharata Muni, an ancient Sanskrit treatise on performing arts. The Sangeet Natak Akademi, India's national academy for music, dance, and drama, recognizes eight classical dance forms. This recognition is based on their deep historical roots, elaborate theoretical foundations, and distinct performance traditions.

These dance forms are characterized by their intricate footwork, expressive hand gestures (mudras), detailed facial expressions (abhinaya), and elaborate costumes. They often narrate stories from Hindu mythology, epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata, or devotional themes. Each form has evolved over centuries, absorbing regional influences while maintaining its core classical structure. They are not merely entertainment but also a form of spiritual expression and cultural preservation.

Bharatanatyam and Kathak

Bharatanatyam originates from Tamil Nadu and is one of the oldest classical dance forms. Its theoretical base is traced back to the Natya Shastra. Traditionally performed by temple dancers (devadasis), it is known for its geometric precision, sharp movements, and expressive abhinaya. Key elements include 'adavus' (basic steps), 'mudras' (hand gestures), and 'bhavas' (emotions). Rukmini Devi Arundale played a significant role in its revival and popularization in the 20th century.

Kathak is a classical dance form from North India, particularly Uttar Pradesh. The word 'Kathak' is derived from 'Katha', meaning story. Kathakars (storytellers) would use dance and music to narrate tales. It is characterized by intricate footwork (tatkar), fast spins (chakkar), and expressive storytelling. It shows strong Persian and Mughal influences, especially in its costumes and performance style. Three main gharanas (schools) of Kathak are Jaipur, Lucknow, and Benares, each with distinct stylistic nuances.

Kathakali and Kuchipudi

Kathakali hails from Kerala and is renowned for its elaborate makeup, vibrant costumes, and detailed facial masks. It is a story-play genre of art, distinguished by its dramatic presentation of themes from Hindu epics and Puranas. Performers use precise eye movements, hand gestures, and body postures to convey narratives. The training for Kathakali is rigorous, often lasting for many years, focusing on physical stamina and expressive control.

Kuchipudi is a dance-drama tradition from Andhra Pradesh. It derives its name from the village of Kuchelapuram. Traditionally performed by male Brahmin dancers, it now includes female performers. Kuchipudi combines pure dance (nritta), expressive dance (nritya), and drama (natya). A unique feature is the 'Tarangam', where the dancer performs on a brass plate, balancing a pot of water on their head and diyas in their hands. Siddhendra Yogi is often credited with systematizing the Kuchipudi tradition in the 17th century.

Odissi and Manipuri

Odissi, originating from Odisha, is one of the oldest surviving dance forms of India, with archaeological evidence dating back to the 2nd century BCE. It is characterized by its lyrical grace, sensuousness, and the 'Tribhanga' (triple bend) posture, where the body is bent in three parts head, torso, and knees. Odissi themes often revolve around Lord Jagannath and Vaishnavism. It was traditionally performed by 'Maharis' (temple dancers) and 'Gotipuas' (boy dancers dressed as girls).

Manipuri dance comes from the northeastern state of Manipur. It is distinct for its gentle, fluid movements, soft expressions, and emphasis on devotion. Unlike other classical forms, Manipuri dancers do not wear ankle bells, and footwork is subdued. The themes primarily revolve around the 'Ras Leela' of Radha and Krishna. The costume, especially the 'Kumil' (cylindrical skirt), is unique to this dance form. It is often performed during religious festivals and ceremonies.

Mohiniyattam and Sattriya

Mohiniyattam, meaning 'dance of the enchantress', is another classical dance form from Kerala. It is characterized by its graceful, swaying body movements, subtle expressions, and a predominantly feminine style. It draws inspiration from the 'Lasya' aspect of dance, emphasizing tenderness and beauty. The costume is typically a white or off-white saree with gold borders. Themes often include stories of Vishnu and other Hindu deities. Swati Thirunal Rama Varma, a 19th-century Maharaja of Travancore, significantly contributed to its development.

Sattriya is the newest addition to the list of classical dances, recognized by the Sangeet Natak Akademi in 2000. It originated in the Vaishnavite monasteries (Sattras) of Assam, established by the 15th-century saint and reformer Srimanta Sankardev. Sattriya dance was initially performed by male monks as part of religious rituals and plays (Ankiya Nat). It encompasses both 'nritta' (pure dance) and 'nritya' (expressive dance) and focuses on devotional themes, particularly those related to Krishna. The dance form has a distinct repertoire of hand gestures, footwork, and music.

Important Keywords Explained

Natya Shastraconcept

An ancient Sanskrit treatise on the performing arts, including theatre, dance, and music. Attributed to Bharata Muni, it is considered the foundational text for Indian classical dance and drama, detailing aspects like mudras, bhavas, rasas, and performance techniques. It provides the theoretical framework for many classical dance forms.

Sangeet Natak Akademiorganization

India's national academy for music, dance, and drama. Established in 1953, it is an autonomous body under the Ministry of Culture, Government of India. It works to preserve and promote India's rich cultural heritage, recognizing artists and institutions, and defining the criteria for classical art forms, including dance.

Mudrasconcept

Symbolic hand gestures used in Indian classical dance and iconography. Each mudra has a specific meaning and is used to convey emotions, ideas, or represent objects and beings. They are an integral part of the expressive language (abhinaya) of classical dance forms, enhancing storytelling.

Additional Facts & Context

• Rukmini Devi Arundale was instrumental in the revival of Bharatanatyam in the 20th century.
• Siddhendra Yogi is credited with systematizing Kuchipudi in the 17th century.
• The 'Tribhanga' posture is a distinctive feature of Odissi dance.
• Srimanta Sankardev established the Sattras in Assam, from where Sattriya dance originated.
• Mohiniyattam is often called the 'dance of the enchantress'.